How long does it take to replace brake pads. Replace your brake pads if they are under 1 ⁄ 4 inch (6.4 mm)-thick. A new brake pad is usually around 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm)-thick. Once it has worn half-way, you have to replace it soon. Brake pads that are 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm)-thick should be immediately replaced and aren't safe to drive on.nb! please see the new version updated regarding the usage of copper paste! - https://youtu.be/rubvr11ubhcdiy video #1: how to replace front brake discs and ...The brake caliper is a hydraulic clamp that pinches the brake pad onto the brake rotor. Some signs of wear may include: Brake lockup; Vehicle pulls to the left or right when brakes are applied; Reduced braking force; Spongy brake-pedal feel; Brake-pedal pulsation; Longer stopping distances; Fluid leakage near caliperMost of my fleet of 4 cars/trucks are in the 200-300k miles range. ‘03 Forester is barely broken in at 128k;-) I replace the caliper pins and boots every time cause brake pads last so long these days that the rubber boots can harden up between jobs."A professional mechanic can replace each brake pad in under an hour, provided there are no complications to deal with." Replacing your brake pads every 10,000 to 20,000 miles is essential to maintain safety on the road. Waiting to replace your brake pads doesn’t only increase the risk of accidents but can damage other components of the …4. INDICATOR LIGHTS. Some vehicles have an indicator light on the dashboard that will signal when it’s time to replace the brake pads. Check your owner’s manual to see if your vehicle comes equipped with the low-pad warning system. Remember that if the light does come on, you’ll need to have your mechanic replace the warning …On average, you can expect to pay the following brake pad replacement costs by BMW model: 1 Series – Front and rear pads: $250-400. 3 Series – Front and rear pads: $300-500. 5 Series – Front and rear pads: $350-550. 7 Series – Front and rear pads: $400-600. X3, X5 SUVs – Front and rear pads: …Feb 7, 2024 · Pad Replacement on Rear Brakes. The discussion above focuses on changing pads in your car’s front brakes. Steps #1 through #16 will also apply to a pad change for your rear disc brakes. The only difference will be for brake calipers that include a means for the hand brake to apply the rear disc brakes for parking. If your brake pads display any of the symptoms we discussed above, we highly recommend having your brakes serviced by your local dealership or trusted automotive repair shop. How long do new brakes last? New brake pads will last an average of 25,000-65,000 miles, depending on the type of brake pads …The average cost of replacing rear brake pads is $241. This includes the cost of both the brake pads themselves (which are relatively cheap) and the labor to install the brake pads, clean the brake system up, and bleed the brake system so that it works effectively again after being serviced.Brake pads are consumable items and will eventually wear out. 5mm brake pads typically last around 15,000 to 30,000 miles before needing to be replaced. If your brakes feel less responsive than usual, it is likely that the brake pads need to be replaced. If you do experience any braking problems or feel like your brakes need to be replaced ...Jan 15, 2016 · Our service team is available 7 days a week, Monday - Friday from 6 AM to 5 PM PST, Saturday - Sunday 7 AM - 4 PM PST. 1 (855) 347-2779 · [email protected]. Read FAQ. GET A QUOTE. The emergency parking brake shoe is an important component in your emergency parking brake system. On average, you can expect to pay the following brake pad replacement costs by BMW model: 1 Series – Front and rear pads: $250-400. 3 Series – Front and rear pads: $300-500. 5 Series – Front and rear pads: $350-550. 7 Series – Front and rear pads: $400-600. X3, X5 SUVs – Front and rear pads: …Feb 12, 2023 · The health of your brake rotors depends on your driving style, how much your vehicle weighs, and the quality of the parts you choose. When you take the brake pads off, the rotors should always be inspected for wear. Resurface or replace them as needed. Brake Rotor Replacement Cost. Brake rotor replacement might cost around $350 to $500 for each ... A qualified mechanic takes around 30 to 60 minutes to change all brake pads or roughly five to 15 minutes per pad, provided there aren't any complications. Amateur do-it-yourself enthusiasts will likely …Aug 10, 2017 · Impossible to say- completely dependent on load and driving style. My rear brake pads are about half gone at 43,000 miles. Others got much less, some got much more. As for cost- assuming I don't wait too long and score the rotors then DIY for me is about $50. But I never pay anyone to do something I can do. Especially at a bendover price of $900! On average, it costs $100-$300 per axle to replace the brake pads in a vehicle. In other words, replacing either the front or rear brake pads would be $100-$300, and replacing both the front and rear brake pads would be $200-$600. That being said, there are a number of factors that influence brake pad replacement cost, including: The brake pads on a commuter’s car, which sees mostly highway driving, might last 50,000 miles, while brake pads on a sports car could last fewer than 20,000 miles. A gig delivery driver or rideshare driver in a busy city could possibly wear out a set of brake pads in as little as 10,000 miles!May 31, 2005 · Still got to do that timing belt change on both Odys. Was about to quit driving the 2003, then heard that a few of our own forum members went w-a-a-a-y-y-y-y-y past the 105,000-mile service point with no problems. The numbers, if I remember correctly: - 178,000 miles. - 185,000 miles. - 225,000 miles. At 40,000 you usually need front pads. If the rears need replacing, pads are about $20-$25. So if you have no tools and are inclined to learn for $290, you could buy a descent set. of basic sockets, breaker bars, extensions, jack, etc. and forever have these for this job and the next. T ake a normal ride, then cool the brakes down a bit. 4. Repeat the first step, but this time from about 45 miles an hour. Try to be smooth as you brake, and don’t lock the brakes down or over-modulate the braking power. Be steady. For the first 200-300 miles, continue to take it easy. Mileage – Typically, brake pads should be replaced every 30,000 to 70,000 miles. However, this range can vary based on the factors previously mentioned. Brake pad thickness – A visual inspection of the brake pads can give you insight into their condition. Brake pads should generally have at least 1/4 inch of friction material remaining.Brake pads and rotor replacement. How to replace brake pads and rotors in your car, DIY with Scotty Kilmer. How to do a full brake job by yourself. How to re... How to Replace Brake Pads. Difficulty: Moderately Difficult Duration: 1-2 hours How often: As needed, depending on brake wear. SHOP BRAKE PADS & RELATED PARTS . A well-maintained set of brakes should last you for tens of thousands of miles, but brake pads do wear down over time and will eventually need replacing. With a little patience and some ... Mar 14, 2013 · Front brakes book at 1.2 to replace rotors, pads, clean, lube and/or replace brake hardware. Rear brakes book at 1.1 to replace rotors, pads, clean, lube and/or replace brake hardware. Headlamp assemblies book at .2 hours each to R&R. These numbers are for a SRW 4x4 truck. DRW and/or 2wd trucks will add a little time as they are a little more ... The brake pads of the motorcycle need replacement when the surface thickness of brake pads gets below 1.5-2 millimeters due to friction caused by braking over time. Depending on the motorcycle’s power output and the engine’s cubic capacity, the thickness of the brake pads will vary from motorcycle to motorcycle.Swap and Silence the Pads. Remove the old pads and pay attention to the orientation of any guide plates and the wear indicator. Brake pads and rotor replacement. How to replace brake pads and rotors in your car, DIY with Scotty Kilmer. How to do a full brake job by yourself. How to re... what flowers are safe for catsexamples of words of affirmation This video show how to replace the front brake pads on a Chevy Malibu 2019.Oct 20, 2022 · Mechanic installing new brake pads. How Long Does It Take For A Mechanic To Change Brake Pads? A professional mechanic can usually conduct a brake pad replacement in 30 to 60 minutes. However, various factors can shorten or lengthen the time. After all, brake specialists who work on nothing but brake pads all day will inevitably do a faster job. There are too many variables. In my current use, I destroy brakes. Vermont road salt. Parked outdoors. The car sits undriven many days and does two long drives per week. Gravel gets in the brake pads. Some mountain driving where the brakes get used. 50,000 miles and the rotors are trash.May 1, 2019 ... How Much Does It Cost to Replace Brake Pads? What is often a simple pad replacement can turn into a far costlier and more complicated brake ...The brake pads of the motorcycle need replacement when the surface thickness of brake pads gets below 1.5-2 millimeters due to friction caused by braking over time. Depending on the motorcycle’s power output and the engine’s cubic capacity, the thickness of the brake pads will vary from motorcycle to motorcycle.Jan 26, 2023 · Remove the old pads and clean the mounting surface of the rotor; Remove old pads and rotors; Clean the surface for mounting; Clean up the new rotor and install it; Get your brake pads and replace them as well; Repeat for other wheels. The whole process should take you around 30 minutes to an hour. May 1, 2019 · Look through the wheel spokes. You just might be able to see the outboard brake pad, where it touches the brake disc. If you can see it, make sure there is at least a quarter inch of material on ... 143 posts · Joined 2013. #2 · Jun 12, 2013. That seems awful soon to replace brakes and rotors. My experience is about 75,000 miles or so is the first brake job. I've got 46,000 miles and about 40 percent of my pads left. Like.Aug 10, 2017 · Impossible to say- completely dependent on load and driving style. My rear brake pads are about half gone at 43,000 miles. Others got much less, some got much more. As for cost- assuming I don't wait too long and score the rotors then DIY for me is about $50. But I never pay anyone to do something I can do. Especially at a bendover price of $900! Do you know how to make padded clothes hangers? Find out how to make padded clothes hangers in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Regular hangers are stiff and can caus... paramount plus xbox3 chord songs On average, The average life span of brake pads is 30,000 to 70,000 miles. However, this is just a general estimate, and the lifespan can vary significantly. Aggressive driving styles, such as constant hard braking and abrupt stops, can wear down brake pads more quickly.Nick said: Usually a set price per rotor at a tire and brake shop anywhere from 15 to 30 at brake shops in my area S Cal . Which is much cheaper than new . It is worth checking out . Thats really good pricing, Hell if you can find someone with a …When you press your new brake pads against a brand new bare rotor, it likely won’t stop the vehicle that well. It’ll stop much faster and smoother if there’s a “glaze” of brake pad material already on the rotor. ... Take your vehicle out for a long drive (while remaining in the remote area). Every 1/2 mile or so, hit the brakes for ... where to print large photos Mar 1, 2023 ... You should replace the rotor and pads immediately if there is any groove on the perimeter of the rotor, even if you don't notice any other signs ... make your own cookbookgr86 0 60one piece online free Learn. Tire Maintenance. Wondering When to Replace Brake Pads? When to Replace Brake Pads. Maintaining Your Vehicle. Thu April 1, 2021. Making sure your brakes are in proper working condition, and …Remove the old brake pads from the bracket. Make a mental note of where the wear indicator bar or "squeal" bar is situated on the old pads. On this 2013 Forte EX sedan, the wear indicator bar was located at the bottom of the inner brake pad. I recommend buying the Wagner ThermoQuiet QC1397 brake pads since they have great reviews on … home builders in delaware Nick said: Usually a set price per rotor at a tire and brake shop anywhere from 15 to 30 at brake shops in my area S Cal . Which is much cheaper than new . It is worth checking out . Thats really good pricing, Hell if you can find someone with a …Sep 10, 2022 ... How often do you replace your rotors? I guess they last nearly forever on a shifter due to engine braking downshifting. One set easily lasted me ... funny qr codes "A professional mechanic can replace each brake pad in under an hour, provided there are no complications to deal with." Replacing your brake pads every 10,000 to 20,000 miles is essential to maintain safety on the road. Waiting to replace your brake pads doesn’t only increase the risk of accidents but can damage other components of the …How Long Does It Take For New Brakes To Stop Squeaking? Even if you have just changed the brakes and rotors, the new set can still generate grinding and squeaky sounds. Typically it will take driving the car a few hundred miles under normal braking conditions (city driving) for the new brake pads to get …When brake discs are replaced along with the brake pads, it can take about 1-2 hours to do the front end and about the same amount of time to do the ...Mileage – Typically, brake pads should be replaced every 30,000 to 70,000 miles. However, this range can vary based on the factors previously mentioned. Brake pad thickness – A …Oil changes, tire rotations and brake pad replacements are all important pieces of vehicle maintenance. It’s difficult to predict exactly how long brake pads last. Their life expec...If the pad is less than ¼ inch thick(about 3 millimeters) you should consider having your brakes inspected, especially if it's been a long time since your last ... spn netflixfishin in dark Feb 7, 2024 · Pad Replacement on Rear Brakes. The discussion above focuses on changing pads in your car’s front brakes. Steps #1 through #16 will also apply to a pad change for your rear disc brakes. The only difference will be for brake calipers that include a means for the hand brake to apply the rear disc brakes for parking. How long should your brake pads and discs last? Signs that you need to replace your brake pads. Average brake pad replacement cost. The average cost to ...Remove the old brake pads from both sides of the rotor. Pay attention to their position to make putting the new pads in place easier. Check to see if the clips that hold them in place are damaged. If they are, use the clips that come with your new brake pads or seek other replacements before installing them. 5.The brake pads of the motorcycle need replacement when the surface thickness of brake pads gets below 1.5-2 millimeters due to friction caused by braking over time. Depending on the motorcycle’s power output and the engine’s cubic capacity, the thickness of the brake pads will vary from motorcycle to motorcycle. pokemongo friends The average cost for a Chevrolet Tahoe Brake Pad Replacement is between $287 and $386. Labor costs are estimated between $123 and $155 while parts are priced between $164 and $230. This range does not include taxes and fees, and does not factor in your unique location. Related repairs may also be needed.4. INDICATOR LIGHTS. Some vehicles have an indicator light on the dashboard that will signal when it’s time to replace the brake pads. Check your owner’s manual to see if your vehicle comes equipped with the low-pad warning system. Remember that if the light does come on, you’ll need to have your mechanic replace the warning … On average, it costs $100-$300 per axle to replace the brake pads in a vehicle. In other words, replacing either the front or rear brake pads would be $100-$300, and replacing both the front and rear brake pads would be $200-$600. That being said, there are a number of factors that influence brake pad replacement cost, including: breakfast in amarilloseo tricks There are too many variables. In my current use, I destroy brakes. Vermont road salt. Parked outdoors. The car sits undriven many days and does two long drives per week. Gravel gets in the brake pads. Some mountain driving where the brakes get used. 50,000 miles and the rotors are trash.How Long Do Brakes Last? Your brakes and brake pads can last between 25,000 and 50,000 miles or more. This number can vary drastically depending on a few key factors.How Much Does a Brake Pad Replacement Cost? In general, a brake pad replacement by Mazda-certified technicians will cost between $150 and $200 in Boise, ID. While you can shop around the Caldwell area, it’s a wise idea to take your Mazda into a shop whose technicians are specifically trained on your …Typically, brake pad replacement costs about $150 per axle, or $300 total on average. That's just a ballpark estimate, though. Costs can range from between $100 ...Oct 19, 2023 · If you only change your brake pads, it will take about 30 minutes to one hour to complete the job. Each wheel requires two brake pads, which pop in easily enough after you remove the wheel and disassemble the caliper. But you can’t change only one pair at a time, and there’s more to look at while you have the wheel off other than the brake pad. Brake pads and rotor replacement. How to replace brake pads and rotors in your car, DIY with Scotty Kilmer. How to do a full brake job by yourself. How to re...Look through the wheel spokes. You just might be able to see the outboard brake pad, where it touches the brake disc. If you can see it, make sure there is at least a quarter inch of material on ...Jul 26, 2021 · A. The only time you’ll need to replace your brake pads and rotors is when the pads are worn and your rotors are warped, though that doesn’t happen often. Rotors are engineered to last about ... Learn how to change and install new front & rear brake pads and rotors on a Subaru Crosstrek (2018-2021). This 2018 Subaru Crosstrek Premium's old, worn-out ...Brake Pads – If you hear the sound of metal on metal, (grinding or squealing sound when the brakes are engaged) this means the brake pads may need to be replaced. If they aren’t replaced in a timely manner, damage to the calipers and/or rotors can occur. ... Just remember to have your brakes inspected on a regular basis, possibly at every ... On average, it costs $100-$300 per axle to replace the brake pads in a vehicle. In other words, replacing either the front or rear brake pads would be $100-$300, and replacing both the front and rear brake pads would be $200-$600. That being said, there are a number of factors that influence brake pad replacement cost, including: Nov 5, 2022 · "A professional mechanic can replace each brake pad in under an hour, provided there are no complications to deal with." Replacing your brake pads every 10,000 to 20,000 miles is essential to maintain safety on the road. Waiting to replace your brake pads doesn’t only increase the risk of accidents but can damage other components of the brake system – especially the brake discs or drums ... tanning near me open Step 3: Install new brake pads. To install new brake pads, remove the old pads by unscrewing the bolts. There are usually two notches on each end of the new pads. Align them and press them into the tabs with a screwdriver. Apply brake lubricant to the friction surfaces of the rotors and the brake pads, if you have any.You must never take your vehicle's brake pads for granted. ... How much does it cost to replace brake pads? Not ... How long do brake pads last? It is pretty ...Dec 1, 2021 ... ... replace them, and how to make brake pads last longer in this guide. ... take a toll on brake pads. Drivers that live ... The type of brake pads your ...On average, you can expect to pay between $250 to $800 for a complete brake replacement, including the rotors, pads, and calipers, where the average cost of brake pad replacement is typically $75 to $200 per axle and $100 to $300 for rotors. kiehl's ultra facial cream Brake rotors should be replaced every 70,000 miles, more or less, depending on the car model and driving style. The only correct way to know if your brake rotors need a replacement is by visually inspecting them. This is far longer than brake pads, which are often replaced every 40,000 to 50,000 miles.Jan 28, 2024 · Poor Quality Brake Pads: Low-quality brake pads may not be able to withstand normal use and will need replacing more often than higher-quality ones. 3. Excessive Heat : Brakes generate a lot of heat when used, which can cause the pads to break down faster than normal if they are exposed for too long or too often. The minimum thickness allowed for a disc brake pad is approximately one millimeter. A brake pad’s standard thickness is between 10 and 12 millimeters. Because disc brake pads and r... anime workout gear Car Culture. How to Change Your Brake Pads. Time for a new set of pads? Here’s how to change them safely and easily, with tips from an expert. By Brian Silvestro …How much does it cost to replace brake pads? The average cost to replace brake pads in the UK ranges from around £104.95 to £134.95 ... How long does it take to change brake pads UK? It will usually take under an hour to change a pair of brake pads on their own in the UK. Alternatively, you’re generally looking at between one and three ...Replace your brake pads with the Saturday Mechanic, Ben Wojdyla. Learn how to do it yourself with his step-by-step car repairs and upgrades.Say so long to sq...Any mechanic will tell you that it’s time to change your brake pads when the lining is in the 3 mm to 4 mm range. For context, know that the standard thickness of new brake linings is 12 mm. The first half of your brake pad’s lifespan is usually carefree. As it wears past 6 mm, though, listen for the sign that it’s time.How long do Toyota brake pads last? Depending on how frequently you drive, you can expect a brake pad in a Toyota Tacoma to last between 30,000 and 70,000 miles. ... It is common for Toyota to replace brake pads on occasion, but not every time. The cost of a new brake pad can range from $150 to $450, depending on the type of …Still got to do that timing belt change on both Odys. Was about to quit driving the 2003, then heard that a few of our own forum members went w-a-a-a-y-y-y-y-y past the 105,000-mile service point with no problems. The numbers, if I remember correctly: - 178,000 miles. - 185,000 miles. - 225,000 miles. soft treats for dogstomato blight treatment The hood insulation pad is an essential component of your vehicle’s engine bay. It is designed to reduce noise, absorb heat, and protect the hood from excessive heat exposure. Over...Jul 21, 2023 · Taking wheels off, removing brake calipers, adjusting the brake pedal and removing and replacing brake pads is a typical backyard mechanic's perspective on a brake repair. It may take the backyard mechanic 45 minutes to install new brake pads, when the repair facility quoted them two to three hours. When repair facilities quote repairs, there ... Yes, as long as they are not below the minimum thickness. Note that when a brake rotor is "turned,” it makes the brake rotor easier to heat up and warp again. Excessive heat from hard braking can cause a thin brake rotor to warp quickly. Driving style has a huge influence on how quickly brake rotors are warped.Brake Pads & Rotor Replacement. Back to Car Care Tips. Regular inspections make sure your brakes and rotors are reliable and safe. Learn the warning signs of brake wear and when to have your brakes inspected.The average cost of a front brake pad and disc replacement is £274.21. The average cost of a rear brake pad and disc replacement is £252.67. You should change your brake pads every 40,000 miles and brake discs every 50,000 miles on average. This means a mechanic may suggest a brake pad and …How Long Do Brake Pads Last? Pad life can vary from the length of one or two track days to about 70,000 miles, with an average somewhere around 45,000 miles. ... None of these sounds are good news, and none of them are subtle - but they all tell you when to replace brake pads. If you can feel the brake pedal pulsating as you press it …Feb 20, 2019 · Learn how to avoid expensive brake repairs by knowing the warning signs of worn brake pads. Find out how much it costs to replace brake pads, how long they last, and how to do it yourself. Not only how to replace brakes on a volvo but also how to use a brake caliper tool so you can wind back down the caliper's piston.Brake Caliper sethttps://ti...The average cost of replacing rear brake pads is $241. This includes the cost of both the brake pads themselves (which are relatively cheap) and the labor to install the brake pads, clean the brake system up, and bleed the brake system so that it works effectively again after being serviced.Labor: $223 – $281. Brake pad and rotor replacement is a routine maintenance item performed at prescribed mileage intervals (typically every 30,000-70,000 miles), but you should have them replaced immediately when a noise and/or vibration is felt in the brake pedal. This will ensure your brakes are safe and help …When you press your new brake pads against a brand new bare rotor, it likely won’t stop the vehicle that well. It’ll stop much faster and smoother if there’s a “glaze” of brake pad material already on the rotor. ... Take your vehicle out for a long drive (while remaining in the remote area). Every 1/2 mile or so, hit the brakes for ...How long should your brake pads and discs last? Signs that you need to replace your brake pads. Average brake pad replacement cost. The average cost to ... beer flavor Slide the pads to the outsides of the bracket, leaving as much room as possible to get them over the rotor. Set the bracket into position and twist the two anchor bolts with your fingers until snug. Tighten each firmly with a long-handled box-end wrench. Be careful not to over-torque and strip the threads. Step 7.How long should your brake pads and discs last? Signs that you need to replace your brake pads. Average brake pad replacement cost. The average cost to ...Mar 10, 2024 · On average, you can expect to pay between $250 to $800 for a complete brake replacement, including the rotors, pads, and calipers, where the average cost of brake pad replacement is typically $75 to $200 per axle and $100 to $300 for rotors. kia telluride towing capacity Feb 2, 2022 ... How long do brake pads last? Brake pads will ... take – which is usually the result of how hard your brakes are working. ... How much to replace ...How long do brake pads last? There are no hard and fast rules on this. A set of brake pads can last from anywhere between 30,000 and 70,000 miles – possibly more. ... You should change brake pads in sets, for example front wheels together and back wheels together. Follow these steps to replace your brake pads:Brake pads are considered to be moderately worn when they reach 4 to 6 millimeters (1/8 to 1/4 inch) thick. Once the brake pads get lower than this, between 2 and 3 millimeters (below 1/8-inch), they should be replaced immediately. However, your car is no longer safe to drive once the brake pads get this thin.Feb 2, 2022 ... How long do brake pads last? Brake pads will ... take – which is usually the result of how hard your brakes are working. ... How much to replace ... nrt to hndfood redding ca Does my mobile brake service or replacement come with a warranty? Your mobile brake service is fully-covered for 12 months or 12,000 miles, or if a brake fluid exchange is purchased, for 24 months or 24,000 miles. Engine Brake Use - Engine brake use is common among large semi-trucks. Check out HowStuffWorks for an explanation on engine brake use. Advertisement Engine brakes are used when a ... puppy sitter near me Feb 15, 2022 · When your pads are on the red zone, this means it's time for a replacement. The cost of pad replacement depends on the type of the pad and the vehicle you have. The minimum brake pad thickness should only be from 3 to 4mm, no more no less. You should never compromise safety over brake pad replacement. When should my SRAM brake pads be replaced? Inspect disc brake pads for wear every month or more frequently when riding in sandy or dirty conditions. When the total thickness of the backing plate and pad material is 3 mm or less, they are worn and need to be replaced. For more information, visit our SRAM TECH YouTube …7. Install the New Brake Pads: Take the new brake pads and insert them into the caliper, making sure they are oriented correctly (some pads may be left/right-specific). Align the holes on the pads with those on the caliper and reinsert the retaining pins. Use the appropriate tool to secure the retaining pins in place (hex key or …Key Points. A brake job typically takes between one to three hours. The process can take longer depending services needed. You should always replace damage rotors and new …WHAT WE DO: Based on the results of your Jiffy Lube® brake inspection, technicians service and replace brake system components in accordance with your ...Our guide to changing disc brake pads includes a video and step-by-step guide with pictures to ensure you replace your disc brake pads correctly.The average cost of a front brake pad and disc replacement is £274.21. The average cost of a rear brake pad and disc replacement is £252.67. You should change your brake pads every 40,000 miles and brake discs every 50,000 miles on average. This means a mechanic may suggest a brake pad and …smokeybacon0149 S1000R | Grom! • 8 yr. ago. It depends on the bike and how frequently and heavily you use them. Gentle riding with lots of engine braking will prolong the life of the pads. 12,670km is a very decent distance to get out of a set.May 13, 2021 ... Generally, if your BMW needs routine brake services, the appointment will last between 45 – 60 minutes. If your car needs brake and rotor ...Generally, brake pads should be changed between 30,000 and 40,000 miles. However, in urban areas, brake pads only last up to 35,000 miles. According to experts, in less demanding situations like highways, or driving in light traffic areas, brakes can be used for up to 60,000 miles. sole bicycles Apr 1, 2021 · 4. INDICATOR LIGHTS. Some vehicles have an indicator light on the dashboard that will signal when it’s time to replace the brake pads. Check your owner’s manual to see if your vehicle comes equipped with the low-pad warning system. Remember that if the light does come on, you’ll need to have your mechanic replace the warning sensors as ... On average, it can take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour per wheel for a basic brake pad replacement. However, if you’re also replacing brake rotors or other components, it can extend the time required. It’s important to follow proper safety precautions and consult reliable resources or guides when attempting a DIY brake job.Conventional steel brake rotors are designed to last up to 70,000 miles, but depending on how you treat them, they could last for fewer or greater miles. Rotors made … gorganzola A lot of modern cars nowadays have a brake pad wear sensor that indicates when the brake pad material is too low and is due for replacement. If your light comes on you’ll need to replace your brake wear sensor at the same time, this is a small cost but it often comes in the box of the brake pads depending on the vehicle. Shop Brake Wear Sensors.Pulling should be checked by a garage as soon as possible so the root cause can be identified. Brake pedal problems. Having to brake harder. If it's taking ...The average cost for a Chevrolet Tahoe Brake Pad Replacement is between $287 and $386. Labor costs are estimated between $123 and $155 while parts are priced between $164 and $230. This range does not include taxes and fees, and does not factor in your unique location. Related repairs may also be needed. professional couch cleaning Mar 1, 2023 ... You should replace the rotor and pads immediately if there is any groove on the perimeter of the rotor, even if you don't notice any other signs ...Taking wheels off, removing brake calipers, adjusting the brake pedal and removing and replacing brake pads is a typical backyard mechanic's perspective on a brake repair. It may take the backyard mechanic 45 minutes to install new brake pads, when the repair facility quoted them two to three hours. When repair facilities quote repairs, there ...Brake pads are consumable items and will eventually wear out. 5mm brake pads typically last around 15,000 to 30,000 miles before needing to be replaced. If your brakes feel less responsive than usual, it is likely that the brake pads need to be replaced. If you do experience any braking problems or feel like your brakes need to be replaced ...May 31, 2005 · Still got to do that timing belt change on both Odys. Was about to quit driving the 2003, then heard that a few of our own forum members went w-a-a-a-y-y-y-y-y past the 105,000-mile service point with no problems. The numbers, if I remember correctly: - 178,000 miles. - 185,000 miles. - 225,000 miles. Common causes of uneven brake pad wear include driving with warped rotors, a clogged brake line or leaky calipers. Vehicles that are heavier in the front than in the rear can wear ...Engine Brake Use - Engine brake use is common among large semi-trucks. Check out HowStuffWorks for an explanation on engine brake use. Advertisement Engine brakes are used when a ...Common causes of uneven brake pad wear include driving with warped rotors, a clogged brake line or leaky calipers. Vehicles that are heavier in the front than in the rear can wear ...Pulling should be checked by a garage as soon as possible so the root cause can be identified. Brake pedal problems. Having to brake harder. If it's taking ...When to Replace Brake Pads and Rotors. Disc brakes stop your vehicle through the force of friction. When you engage the brake pedal, pressurized brake fluid presses the pads at each wheel against their corresponding rotor (also known as a brake disc), slowing its rotation and thereby slowing your car. …The brake pads of the motorcycle need replacement when the surface thickness of brake pads gets below 1.5-2 millimeters due to friction caused by braking over time. Depending on the motorcycle’s power output and the engine’s cubic capacity, the thickness of the brake pads will vary from motorcycle to motorcycle.Using the C-clamp and an old brake pad, compress the piston back into the caliper. This will make it easier to clear the new brake pads, especially if there’s a slight change in size. Use the ...When to Replace Brake Pads and Rotors. Disc brakes stop your vehicle through the force of friction. When you engage the brake pedal, pressurized brake fluid presses the pads at each wheel against their corresponding rotor (also known as a brake disc), slowing its rotation and thereby slowing your car. …Oct 19, 2023 · If you only change your brake pads, it will take about 30 minutes to one hour to complete the job. Each wheel requires two brake pads, which pop in easily enough after you remove the wheel and disassemble the caliper. But you can’t change only one pair at a time, and there’s more to look at while you have the wheel off other than the brake pad. Turntable mats first appeared on the platters of early gramophones. They started out as velvet pads but were quickly replaced by rubber since it doesn't collect dust and it's easy ...Mar 1, 2023 ... You should replace the rotor and pads immediately if there is any groove on the perimeter of the rotor, even if you don't notice any other signs ...Step 1: Use your siphon to remove some brake fluid from the master cylinder. Collect this fluid into the empty container. Step 2: Lift your car up using the jack and place jack stands. Remove the wheels to access the brake system. Step 3: Check the whole brake assembly for signs of wear or damage. vpns for pcchinese food seattle 5. Re-install the caliper. Ensure the caliper slides are cleaned and lubed with caliper slide grease and has suitable brake pads, then place the caliper over the rotor in the position you originally found it in. Line up the bolt holes and reinstall the bolts you removed to take the caliper off of the rotor. 6.Jason Tushinski · Updated on Feb 8, 2022. Reviewed by Shannon Martin, Licensed Insurance Agent. Well, the good news is that fixing your car’s brakes and rotors should only take between 30 minutes and an hour. Since it won’t take long, make time to get your brakes fixed—properly operating brakes are essential to safe driving. anime gym When brake discs are replaced along with the brake pads, it can take about 1-2 hours to do the front end and about the same amount of time to do the ...Learn how to change and install new front & rear brake pads and rotors on a Subaru Crosstrek (2018-2021). This 2018 Subaru Crosstrek Premium's old, worn-out ...339K views 3 days ago. New. Replace your brakes and rotors In the same amount of time it takes to drive to the auto shop.How long do brake pads last? How long brake pads last can vary from driver to driver and car to car. On average, if you’re driving in a more built-up area, where you need to use the brakes more frequently, you’re looking at 48,000 to 56,000 km before your brake pads need replacement.Jan 15, 2016 · Our service team is available 7 days a week, Monday - Friday from 6 AM to 5 PM PST, Saturday - Sunday 7 AM - 4 PM PST. 1 (855) 347-2779 · [email protected]. Read FAQ. GET A QUOTE. The emergency parking brake shoe is an important component in your emergency parking brake system. This procedure is dangerous and should only be done by a professional. It causes the brake shoes to polish the grooves out of the drum, damaging the brakes. To fix noisy brakes after replacing brake pads, drive a car in a remote area at 40 mph and lightly pull up on the emergency brake handle. Hold the emergency brake for about three seconds ...On average, you can expect to pay between $250 to $800 for a complete brake replacement, including the rotors, pads, and calipers, where the average cost of brake pad replacement is typically $75 to $200 per axle and $100 to $300 for rotors.... take care of all of your vehicle maintenance and repair needs. Take advantage of our rotating service specials and coupons, and if you have any questions or ...Mar 10, 2024 · On average, you can expect to pay between $250 to $800 for a complete brake replacement, including the rotors, pads, and calipers, where the average cost of brake pad replacement is typically $75 to $200 per axle and $100 to $300 for rotors. newtonreddits. •. I've replaced many pads and rotors over the years, never an issue. Earlier this year, I decided to do the brakes on my 4Runner. Except, I also decided to replace …When you press your new brake pads against a brand new bare rotor, it likely won’t stop the vehicle that well. It’ll stop much faster and smoother if there’s a “glaze” of brake pad material already on the rotor. ... Take your vehicle out for a long drive (while remaining in the remote area). Every 1/2 mile or so, hit the brakes for ...Remove the old pads and clean the mounting surface of the rotor; Remove old pads and rotors; Clean the surface for mounting; Clean up the new rotor and install it; Get your brake pads and replace them as well; Repeat for other wheels. The whole process should take you around 30 minutes to an hour.Oct 29, 2019 ... How Long Does It Take To Wear Out Brake Pads? When Should I Change My Brake Pads? Any mechanic will tell you that it's time to change your brake ...When it comes to baby gear, Graco is a well-known and trusted brand that parents rely on for safety and quality. However, as your little one grows, wear and tear on their car seat ...Start the vehicle and press the brake pedal a few times to put pressure on the brake pads. Torque Specifications. Wheel Lug nuts: 120 Nm; Brake caliper bolts: 30 Nm; Carrier bracket bolts: 98 Nm; We hope you find the 2018+ Kia Forte Front Brake Pads & Rotor Replacement guide helpful. Check these troubleshooting and repair guides for …Brake pads are consumable items and will eventually wear out. 5mm brake pads typically last around 15,000 to 30,000 miles before needing to be replaced. If your brakes feel less responsive than usual, it is likely that the brake pads need to be replaced. If you do experience any braking problems or feel like your brakes need to be replaced ...Let’s discuss the most common reasons why the brake pedal goes to the floor after changing pads along with ways to fix them: 1. Brake Lines Have Not Bled. When you change pads and rotors, you need to roll the caliper inwards. This is to ensure that there is enough clearance for the new thicker brake pads to fit properly.Taking wheels off, removing brake calipers, adjusting the brake pedal and removing and replacing brake pads is a typical backyard mechanic's perspective on a brake repair. It may take the backyard mechanic 45 minutes to install new brake pads, when the repair facility quoted them two to three hours. When repair facilities quote repairs, there ...On average, you can expect to pay the following brake pad replacement costs by BMW model: 1 Series – Front and rear pads: $250-400. 3 Series – Front and rear pads: $300-500. 5 Series – Front and rear pads: $350-550. 7 Series – Front and rear pads: $400-600. X3, X5 SUVs – Front and rear pads: …Jul 20, 2022 · Brake Pad Replacement: 30 Minutes to 1 Hour. Swapping out your brake pads will take between 30 minutes and an hour. It’s a fairly routine maintenance task: the technician will remove your tires, remove the worn brake pads, install the new ones, and put the tires back on. How long do brake pads last? How long brake pads last can vary from driver to driver and car to car. On average, if you’re driving in a more built-up area, where you need to use the brakes more frequently, you’re looking at 48,000 to 56,000 km before your brake pads need replacement.Dec 8, 2022 ... ... is a huge waste of money. 7:42. Go to channel · How To quickly Check Your Brake Pads and Rotors - Don't Waste $$ Changing them Too Soon!! Budget ...Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) happens when there is a narrowing of the blood vessels outside of your heart. Learn about symptoms and treatment. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD... things to do in gainesville gahow much does billboard advertising cost A complete brake repair — one that includes pads, rotor and caliper replacement — typically averages between $300 and $800. However, depending on the make and model of your vehicle, you can easily spend more than $1,000 on a complete brake job. Of course, you can save a significant amount of money if you learn to …Remove the old brake pads from both sides of the rotor. Pay attention to their position to make putting the new pads in place easier. Check to see if the clips that hold them in place are damaged. If they are, use the clips that come with your new brake pads or seek other replacements before installing them. 5.How Long Do Brake Pads Last? Pad life can vary from the length of one or two track days to about 70,000 miles, with an average somewhere around 45,000 miles. ... None of these sounds are good news, and none of them are subtle - but they all tell you when to replace brake pads. If you can feel the brake pedal pulsating as you press it …You must never take your vehicle's brake pads for granted. ... How much does it cost to replace brake pads? Not ... How long do brake pads last? It is pretty ...A. The only time you’ll need to replace your brake pads and rotors is when the pads are worn and your rotors are warped, though that doesn’t happen often. Rotors are engineered to last about ... bathtub and shower combos How long it really takes to change brake pads depends on a lot of factors. In general, it takes about 30 minutes to 1 hour on average to change brake pads. However, if the brake pads are worn out, it’s best to leave it to a car mechanic, as this job requires precision. If just one of your pads is worn out, your car will not stop properly.However, this does not mean that you will spend a whole day taking care of your brakes and rotors. It will all depend on your understanding of the simple brake changing procedures and your work speed. For instance, when your work speed is much faster, it may take about 45 minutes to do the complete job. On the other …Mar 1, 2023 ... You should replace the rotor and pads immediately if there is any groove on the perimeter of the rotor, even if you don't notice any other signs ...If shopping bags slide around in your car's trunk you can purchase a trunk liner or just use a rug pad to keep things from moving around. Household magazine Real Simple's weblog po... the jacksons moviebrooks adrenaline vs ghost the results of tapered rotors on new pads may take several hundred miles to smooth out.. if it ever does. reduced braking is still a major issue even thousands of miles later.. would you send your customer out with spongy brakes.. would you send your wife and children out with spongy brakes.. i call BS on your reply. i have been at this for 39 ...So how long should brakes last? Somewhere between 40,000 – 105,000 km (or 25,000 – 65,000 miles). There are two symptoms that indicate when it’s time to change your brakes: If your car starts shaking after less than 1 second of breaking, then you need to change the brake pads. More force is needed in …Average cost per axle » £90 – £165. Brake pads replacement cost for most cars are between £90 – £165 per axle. The prices can vary, depending on car model and car garage, in some cases significantly. A price list for different car models and an overview of how the costs are composed can be found below. For a quick overview, the ... iphone 15 preorder Replace rear brake pads and rotors. Apply to certain A4, S4, A5 & S5 B9 2018+ models.0:00 Intro0:45 Remove wheel and raise car1:54 Move back parking brake mo...There are too many variables. In my current use, I destroy brakes. Vermont road salt. Parked outdoors. The car sits undriven many days and does two long drives per week. Gravel gets in the brake pads. Some mountain driving where the brakes get used. 50,000 miles and the rotors are trash.If no other brake system issues need to be addressed, replacing brakes and rotors will typically take around 30 minutes to about an hour to complete. The completion time …How long do brake pads last? What kind of driver are you? Do you fly down the road and slam on the brakes when coming to a red light? burger king with playground near mebest place to buy a refrigerator Brake pads and rotor replacement. How to replace brake pads and rotors in your car, DIY with Scotty Kilmer. How to do a full brake job by yourself. How to re... replace your brake pads ( ... brake components you prefer, and where you take your brakes to be serviced. ... If you want pads that are reliable and can last a long ...Depends. My last brake job was on my Escalade and it took me almost two days. The Caliper bolts were on the car at 400+ foot pounds. Took a 3/4 inch impact wrench hooked to two air compressors overdriven to 130 psi. If you’re new to brakes, carve out at least 5 hours for this job and make sure you can rent a brake pad …Jul 26, 2021 · A. The only time you’ll need to replace your brake pads and rotors is when the pads are worn and your rotors are warped, though that doesn’t happen often. Rotors are engineered to last about ... 1. Put on your safety glasses. 2. Use a breaker bar to loosen the wheel lug nuts. Do not remove the nuts completely at this time. 3. Safely raise and support the vehicle using a jack and jack stands. Chock the rear wheels and set the parking brake. 4. A brake pad with about 1 mm of thickness left should last as long as every other millimeter. Unfortunately, that is only sometimes the case. A brake thickness with 1 mm lefts always tends to wear faster due to some factors. One factor is that the brake is worn out and loose in the caliper. A loose caliper will fasten the level of wear in the pads. Swap and Silence the Pads. Remove the old pads and pay attention to the orientation of any guide plates and the wear indicator.Braking distance won't change but pedal feel yes, until the brake pads (ie friction) are not bedded to the discs : 100 x 0.3g every 4 km in theory. ... and yet, it's the way it is. Bedding does take 100 miles or your pads will give you about 1/3 of the life they should. ... Long brake pedal travel after replacing pads. 1.Still got to do that timing belt change on both Odys. Was about to quit driving the 2003, then heard that a few of our own forum members went w-a-a-a-y-y-y-y-y past the 105,000-mile service point with no problems. The numbers, if I remember correctly: - 178,000 miles. - 185,000 miles. - 225,000 miles.Many car manufacturers estimate that a braking pad can last anywhere from 20,000 to 70,000 miles. However, on average, most car owners replace their brake pads ...If you'd like to make notepads of your own design, business card pads, or DIY mat stacks for crafting you can do so by using a type of glue called padding compound. If you'd like t...With the brake pads out, take a suitably sized spanner or flat head screwdriver, and very carefully push the pistons back into the caliper. It shouldn’t require too much force. With the pistons back in the caliper, you can now fit the new brake pads, which is the reverse process of removing them. The new pads should slide in easily.May 13, 2021 ... Generally, if your BMW needs routine brake services, the appointment will last between 45 – 60 minutes. If your car needs brake and rotor ...Repeat this process four to five times until the new brakes are ready for daily use. This process is known as bedding brakes. Note: These steps provide a general outline for …Oct 20, 2022 ... How Long Does It Take For A Mechanic To Change Brake Pads? A professional mechanic can usually conduct a brake pad replacement in 30 to 60 ...Replace your brake pads if they are under 1 ⁄ 4 inch (6.4 mm)-thick. A new brake pad is usually around 1 ⁄ 2 inch (13 mm)-thick. Once it has worn half-way, you have to replace it soon. Brake pads that are 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm)-thick should be immediately replaced and aren't safe to drive on.Sep 10, 2022 ... How often do you replace your rotors? I guess they last nearly forever on a shifter due to engine braking downshifting. One set easily lasted me ... walt disney food planbest food for golden retriever Jan 26, 2023 · Remove the old pads and clean the mounting surface of the rotor; Remove old pads and rotors; Clean the surface for mounting; Clean up the new rotor and install it; Get your brake pads and replace them as well; Repeat for other wheels. The whole process should take you around 30 minutes to an hour. soft beds When your pads are on the red zone, this means it's time for a replacement. The cost of pad replacement depends on the type of the pad and the vehicle you have. The minimum brake pad thickness should only be from 3 to 4mm, no more no less. You should never compromise safety over brake pad …Brake pads generally need to be replaced every 30,000 to 70,000 miles. However, this range can vary based on driving habits, the type of brake pads used, and other factors. It’s always best to consult your vehicle’s manual and get regular brake inspections to determine the right time for replacement.Brake pads require replacing when the lining is less than 2 mm thick, unless a different value is indicated by the manufacturer. How do you know that the pads ... How to Replace Brake Pads. Difficulty: Moderately Difficult Duration: 1-2 hours How often: As needed, depending on brake wear. SHOP BRAKE PADS & RELATED PARTS . A well-maintained set of brakes should last you for tens of thousands of miles, but brake pads do wear down over time and will eventually need replacing. With a little patience and some ... A look at how long it takes to change out a pair of brake pads and discs on different makes of car should give you a rough idea as to how much you might pay for your own car to have this service. A front brake replacement in a Ford Fiesta should take around 1.5 hours while the rear pair will take around two hours.The long answer is that it depends on your vehicle. They can set you back a lot or a little. To give you a feel for that range, we checked pad prices at our local Chevy dealer and found that a set ...It takes from half an hour to an hour and a half to replace the brake pads on average. It mostly depends on whether you are changing all four brake pads at once and …Sep 10, 2019 ... Since it is not convenient for me to take off the wheels and check, I am interested to just gather some ideas from folks with similar usage. I ...If the pad is less than ¼ inch thick(about 3 millimeters) you should consider having your brakes inspected, especially if it's been a long time since your last ...Our service team is available 7 days a week, Monday - Friday from 6 AM to 5 PM PST, Saturday - Sunday 7 AM - 4 PM PST. 1 (855) 347-2779 · [email protected]. Read FAQ. GET A QUOTE. The emergency parking brake shoe is an important component in your emergency parking brake system.Jul 2, 2021 · So take those out, clean everything off, all the old grease, put new grease on.”. Once you have access to the old pads, pop them out; you should be able to remove them by hand. Now place the new ... Average cost per axle » £90 – £165. Brake pads replacement cost for most cars are between £90 – £165 per axle. The prices can vary, depending on car model and car garage, in some cases significantly. A price list for different car models and an overview of how the costs are composed can be found below. For a quick overview, the ...Here is how to change the brake pads on a car. This video shows me changing brake pads on a 2005 Subaru Impreza. The brake pads are easy to replace. Just re...Dec 8, 2022 ... ... is a huge waste of money. 7:42. Go to channel · How To quickly Check Your Brake Pads and Rotors - Don't Waste $$ Changing them Too Soon!! Budget ...Front brakes book at 1.2 to replace rotors, pads, clean, lube and/or replace brake hardware. Rear brakes book at 1.1 to replace rotors, pads, clean, lube and/or replace brake hardware. Headlamp assemblies book at .2 hours each to R&R. These numbers are for a SRW 4x4 truck. DRW and/or 2wd trucks will add a little time as they … Brake pads. A typical vehicle braking system consists of a pair of brake pads, a brake disc and a brake calliper for each wheel. The pads are fitted in the calliper with their friction material almost touching the two sides of the brake disc. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic fluid in the calliper pushes each brake pad against each ... Brake Pads – If you hear the sound of metal on metal, (grinding or squealing sound when the brakes are engaged) this means the brake pads may need to be replaced. If they aren’t replaced in a timely manner, damage to the calipers and/or rotors can occur. ... Just remember to have your brakes inspected on a regular basis, possibly at every ... Mileage – Typically, brake pads should be replaced every 30,000 to 70,000 miles. However, this range can vary based on the factors previously mentioned. Brake pad thickness – A visual inspection of the brake pads can give you insight into their condition. Brake pads should generally have at least 1/4 inch of friction material remaining. When it comes to maintaining your vehicle, one of the most important aspects is ensuring that your brakes are in proper working condition. Over time, brake pads wear out and need t...Oct 19, 2023 · If you only change your brake pads, it will take about 30 minutes to one hour to complete the job. Each wheel requires two brake pads, which pop in easily enough after you remove the wheel and disassemble the caliper. But you can’t change only one pair at a time, and there’s more to look at while you have the wheel off other than the brake pad. Aug 10, 2017 · Impossible to say- completely dependent on load and driving style. My rear brake pads are about half gone at 43,000 miles. Others got much less, some got much more. As for cost- assuming I don't wait too long and score the rotors then DIY for me is about $50. But I never pay anyone to do something I can do. Especially at a bendover price of $900! vikings tv dramabest butter for baking On average, you can expect to pay between $250 to $800 for a complete brake replacement, including the rotors, pads, and calipers, where the average cost of brake pad replacement is typically $75 to $200 per axle and $100 to $300 for rotors.The brake pads of the motorcycle need replacement when the surface thickness of brake pads gets below 1.5-2 millimeters due to friction caused by braking over time. Depending on the motorcycle’s power output and the engine’s cubic capacity, the thickness of the brake pads will vary from motorcycle to motorcycle.Look through the wheel spokes. You just might be able to see the outboard brake pad, where it touches the brake disc. If you can see it, make sure there is at least a quarter inch of material on ...It will cost between $250 to $800 for a brake pad and rotor replacement on one axle, with the front brake slightly more expensive than the rear brakes. Therefore, a complete brake pad and rotor replacement for four wheels could cost $500 to $1,600. Brake pad replacement costs about $100 to $300 per …My R56 Cooper S has to have its pads changed after 13,500 miles or so. The garage said i had about 1000 miles left on them. But I have done 5 laps of the Nurburgring on those pads so you have to take that into consideration. I swapped for JCW discs anyway, still need to change the rears though! quick easy healthy recipes Learn. Tire Maintenance. Wondering When to Replace Brake Pads? When to Replace Brake Pads. Maintaining Your Vehicle. Thu April 1, 2021. Making sure your brakes are in proper working condition, and …The average cost for a Chevrolet Tahoe Brake Pad Replacement is between $287 and $386. Labor costs are estimated between $123 and $155 while parts are priced between $164 and $230. This range does not include taxes and fees, and does not factor in your unique location. Related repairs may also be needed.The service sheet for rotors says to check runout and thickness and if out of spec, replace. On the flip side, Subaru does have a labor for refacing rotors. R&I or R&R is 0.3 hr, Reface is 0.4. The Reface labor includes the R&R of the rotor. So, by replacing the rotors, your cost goes up over refacing. how much to replace water heatercustom t shirts no minimum ---2